{"id":7336,"date":"2023-11-06T18:29:03","date_gmt":"2023-11-06T17:29:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ismfrance.org\/?p=7336"},"modified":"2023-11-06T18:55:34","modified_gmt":"2023-11-06T17:55:34","slug":"apartheid-energetique-la-diplomatie-de-lenergie-au-coeur-dun-genocide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ismfrance.org\/index.php\/2023\/11\/06\/apartheid-energetique-la-diplomatie-de-lenergie-au-coeur-dun-genocide\/","title":{"rendered":"APARTHEID \u00c9NERG\u00c9TIQUE – La diplomatie de l’\u00e9nergie au c\u0153ur d’un g\u00e9nocide"},"content":{"rendered":"

Alors qu’Isra\u00ebl massacre la population palestinienne, l’Europe et les \u00c9tats-Unis n\u00e9gocient avec le gouvernement de Netanyahou pour s’assurer le contr\u00f4le du gaz de Gaza.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Alfons P\u00e9rez\/Juan Bordera, 3 novembre 2023<\/strong>. \u00ab Les entreprises s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9es se sont engag\u00e9es \u00e0 r\u00e9aliser un investissement sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent dans l\u2019exploitation du gaz naturel au cours des trois prochaines ann\u00e9es, ce qui devrait aboutir \u00e0 la d\u00e9couverte de nouveaux gisements de gaz naturel. \u00bb <\/span><\/span><\/span>Le ministre isra\u00e9lien de l’\u00e9nergie, Israel Kartz, a cl\u00f4tur\u00e9 dimanche 29 octobre l’octroi de 12 licences d’exploitation de gaz fossile <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/span>au large de la c\u00f4te m\u00e9diterran\u00e9enne du pays. En pleine offensive militaire contre la bande de Gaza, des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s comme l’italien Eni, le britannique BP ou l’az\u00e9ri Socar d\u00e9veloppent leur activit\u00e9 gazi\u00e8re. <\/span><\/span><\/span>Quelques mois plus t\u00f4t, le Premier ministre isra\u00e9lien Benjamin Netanyahu <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/span>avait assur\u00e9 qu’il fallait \u00ab acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer les exportations vers l’Europe \u00bb pour mettre fin \u00e0 la d\u00e9pendance \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique \u00e0 la Russie. Cette photographie montre que les projets expansionnistes d’Isra\u00ebl \u00e0 Gaza concernent \u00e9galement les r\u00e9serves \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques de la mer palestinienne. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00ab Aide humanitaire \u00e0 Gaza ? Aucun interrupteur \u00e9lectrique ne sera allum\u00e9, aucun robinet d’eau ne sera ouvert et aucun camion de carburant n\u2019entrera dans Gaza jusqu\u2019au retour des isra\u00e9liens enlev\u00e9s\u00a0\u00bb. Ces <\/span><\/span><\/span>d\u00e9clarations du ministre Kartz <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/span>confirment la strat\u00e9gie consistant \u00e0 infliger des souffrances indiscrimin\u00e9es \u00e0 la population de la bande de Gaza et illustrent le contr\u00f4le absolu qu’Isra\u00ebl exerce sur les approvisionnements de base en Palestine, un territoire qui poss\u00e8de deux gisements de gaz, Marine 1 et 2, \u00e0 environ 35 <\/span><\/span><\/span>kilom\u00e8tres<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/span> de la c\u00f4te, d\u00e9couverts dans les ann\u00e9es 90 mais jamais exploit\u00e9s. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En fait, Gaza comme la Cisjordanie importent de l\u2019\u00e9nergie (gaz, p\u00e9trole, \u00e9lectricit\u00e9) par l’interm\u00e9diaire d’Isra\u00ebl. Avant la guerre, la bande de Gaza souffrait de coupures d’\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 constantes, compromettant le fonctionnement des services de base et obligeant le recours \u00e0 des g\u00e9n\u00e9rateurs diesel, source de pollution et d’exclusion \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, le prix du carburant \u00e9tant inabordable pour la population appauvrie. Aujourd\u2019hui, avec l\u2019application des mesures de Kartz, la situation est encore plus extr\u00eame. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les champs de Marine 1 et 2<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>\u00e9taient d\u00e9j\u00e0 l’un des buts non atteints de <\/span><\/span><\/span>l’Op\u00e9ration Plomb Durci <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/span>lanc\u00e9e par les forces d’occupation isra\u00e9liennes en 2008, une intervention qui a fait 14 victimes isra\u00e9liennes et 1 400 Palestiniennes. Pour la Palestine, les r\u00e9serves de gaz<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>repr\u00e9sentaient la possibilit\u00e9 de parvenir \u00e0 une certaine ind\u00e9pendance \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique vis-\u00e0-vis d\u2019Isra\u00ebl. C’est pourquoi en 2015, l’Autorit\u00e9 palestinienne a achet\u00e9 les <\/span><\/span><\/span>droits d’exploitation de Marine<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/u><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>propri\u00e9t\u00e9 de Royal Dutch Shell<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/u><\/span><\/span><\/a>, par l’interm\u00e9diaire du fonds souverain <\/span><\/span><\/span>Palestine Investment Fund<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, mais Isra\u00ebl n’a jamais autoris\u00e9 son exploitation. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’opportunit\u00e9 suite \u00e0 la guerre en Ukraine <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Bien que le blocus de l\u2019exploitation ait dur\u00e9 pr\u00e8s d\u2019une d\u00e9cennie, le conflit arm\u00e9 en Ukraine a compl\u00e8tement chang\u00e9 la situation : <\/span><\/span><\/span>la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne est menac\u00e9e<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/u><\/span><\/span>et la diplomatie \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique a d\u00fb trouver des partenaires strat\u00e9giques en dehors de l\u2019orbite russe. Cet imp\u00e9ratif a motiv\u00e9 l’organisation de trois \u00e9v\u00e9nements par l’<\/span><\/span><\/span>EastMed Gas Forum<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/span>, forum pour le d\u00e9veloppement r\u00e9gional du gaz en M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e orientale. Celui comprend huit membres qui incarnent l’intersection des int\u00e9r\u00eats entre la r\u00e9gion et l’Europe : Chypre, \u00c9gypte, France, Gr\u00e8ce, Isra\u00ebl, Italie, Jordanie et Palestine\u00a0; ainsi que trois observateurs int\u00e9ress\u00e9s par la r\u00e9gion, les Etats-Unis, l’Union europ\u00e9enne et la Banque mondiale. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le premier \u00e9v\u00e9nement, en octobre 2022, est l\u2019accord entre le Liban et Isra\u00ebl sur la fronti\u00e8re maritime. Le compromis adopt\u00e9 a largement profit\u00e9 \u00e0 Isra\u00ebl, lui donnant <\/span><\/span><\/span>le contr\u00f4le du champ gazier frontalier de Karish <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/span>et <\/span><\/span><\/span>17 % des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices de l’exploitation des r\u00e9serves de Cana<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/span>, mais le Liban y a trouv\u00e9 son compte \u00e9tant donn\u00e9e sa situation \u00e9conomique fragile. Quelques semaines plus tard, <\/span><\/span><\/span>Isra\u00ebl concluait un deuxi\u00e8me accord avec l’\u00c9gypte <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/span>et l’Autorit\u00e9 palestinienne pour l’exploitation de Marine qui a suscit\u00e9 surprise et critiques internes, notamment de la <\/span><\/span><\/span>part du Hamas<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/span>. Enfin, le 15 juin 2023, le ministre Kartz, la commissaire europ\u00e9enne \u00e0 l’\u00e9nergie Kadri Simson et le ministre du p\u00e9trole et des ressources naturelles de la R\u00e9publique arabe d’\u00c9gypte, Tarek El Molla, ont sign\u00e9 un protocole d’accord impliquant essentiellement que les exportations de gaz d’<\/span><\/span><\/span>Isra\u00ebl <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/span>et d\u2019\u00c9gypte vers l\u2019Europe se feront \u00e0 travers l\u2019\u00c9gypte, conform\u00e9ment au plan europ\u00e9en visant \u00e0 mettre fin \u00e0 la d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 la Russie.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Accords maritimes pour l’offensive terrestre <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

L’action du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9crite par diff\u00e9rents analystes comme une recherche de stabilit\u00e9 r\u00e9gionale par le biais de la diplomatie \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique. Cette action apparemment mod\u00e9r\u00e9e est une strat\u00e9gie dont le pivot principal est l’Occident. La prise de contr\u00f4le g\u00e9ostrat\u00e9gique d’une partie des r\u00e9serves de gaz du bassin Levantin et de leurs voies d’exportation r\u00e9pond aux besoins d’une Union europ\u00e9enne avide de partenaires gaziers stables. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u2019un autre c\u00f4t\u00e9, l\u2019apparent exercice de rapprochement avec les ennemis territoriaux, m\u00eame si une partie des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices de l\u2019exploitation du gaz pourrait revenir au Hezbollah et au Hamas, s\u2019inscrit dans une tactique d\u2019accords sur la mer pour divertir de l\u2019appropriation des terres. Par exemple, l\u2019annonce de l\u2019accord trilat\u00e9ral Isra\u00ebl-Autorit\u00e9 palestinienne-\u00c9gypte, qui visait \u00e0 montrer une image aimable d\u2019Isra\u00ebl \u00e0 la communaut\u00e9 internationale, a eu lieu la semaine m\u00eame o\u00f9 des colonies se d\u00e9veloppaient dans les territoires occup\u00e9s. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Vers un nouveau Yom Kippour ? La r\u00e9gionalisation du conflit <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Les d\u00e9clarations et les actions du gouvernement isra\u00e9lien, qui violent constantamment le droit international et les droits humains les plus fondamentaux, p\u00e8sent sur la sc\u00e8ne internationale \u00e0 un point tel qu’on craint une r\u00e9p\u00e9tition de la guerre dite du Kippour. Cette confrontation arm\u00e9e d\u2019Isra\u00ebl contre l\u2019\u00c9gypte et la Syrie a amen\u00e9 l\u2019Organisation des pays exportateurs de p\u00e9trole \u2013 OPEP \u2013 \u00e0 d\u00e9cr\u00e9ter un embargo sur les exportations vers les pays soutenant Isra\u00ebl, ce qui a provoqu\u00e9 une hausse mondiale des prix du p\u00e9trole et, par cons\u00e9quent, une augmentation de l\u2019inflation. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Lors d\u2019une r\u00e9cente <\/span><\/span><\/span>r\u00e9union de repr\u00e9sentants europ\u00e9ens discutant les stocks de p\u00e9trole, de diesel et d\u2019essenc <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/span>, le commissaire europ\u00e9en \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9nergie a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 : \u00ab Le p\u00e9trole est important. Le manque de diesel pourrait entra\u00eener des gr\u00e8ves. Nous ne voulons pas que nos camions fassent la queue pour du diesel\u00a0\u00bb, ajoutant \u00ab Cette p\u00e9riode est-elle comparable \u00e0 celle de 1973\u00a0?\u00a0\u00bb En effet, <\/span><\/span><\/span>les prix \u00e0 terme du gaz sur le march\u00e9 TTF n\u00e9erlandais <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/span>(la r\u00e9f\u00e9rence en Europe) ont augment\u00e9 de 40% juste avant l’arriv\u00e9e d’un <\/span><\/span><\/span>nouvel hiver sans gaz russe <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/span>en Europe, du moins sur le papier. Dans une moindre mesure, <\/span><\/span><\/span>les prix \u00e0 terme du p\u00e9trole brut Brent ont <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/span>augment\u00e9 de 7%. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cependant, il semble que, <\/span><\/span><\/span>cinq d\u00e9cennies plus tard, la situation soit sensiblement diff\u00e9rente <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/span>: les \u00c9tats-Unis sont le plus grand producteur mondial de p\u00e9trole et de gaz, les membres de l’OPEP sont moins unis et ont plus d’int\u00e9r\u00eats <\/span><\/span><\/span>combin\u00e9s<\/span><\/span><\/span> avec ceux de l’Occident, et la plupart des pays potentiellement concern\u00e9s ont des approvisionnements et des r\u00e9serves plus diversifi\u00e9s. Mais cette r\u00e9alit\u00e9 pourrait \u00eatre d\u00e9pass\u00e9e si Isra\u00ebl poursuit son plan d\u2019invasion du territoire palestinien et si le conflit continue de s\u2019intensifier et de s\u2019\u00e9tendre \u00e0 toute la r\u00e9gion. <\/span><\/span><\/span>Le r\u00f4le de l’Iran<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/span>, puissance exportatrice d’hydrocarbures gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l’all\u00e8gement des sanctions, doit \u00eatre pris en compte car il <\/span><\/span><\/span>contr\u00f4le<\/span><\/span><\/span> le d\u00e9troit d’Ormuz, o\u00f9 circule 30 % du commerce international du p\u00e9trole et o\u00f9 existe d\u00e9j\u00e0 un diff\u00e9rend ouvert avec <\/span><\/span><\/span>les \u00c9tats-Unis et Isra\u00ebl <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le Qatar, premier exportateur mondial de gaz naturel liqu\u00e9fi\u00e9, poss\u00e8de Al Jazeera, l’un des rares m\u00e9dias \u00e0 porter un regard critique sur le conflit isra\u00e9lo-palestinien. R\u00e9cemment, les \u00c9tats-Unis ont appel\u00e9 <\/span><\/span><\/span>le Qatar \u00e0 baisser d’un ton <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/span>car, selon Washington, il enflammait l\u2019opinion publique. La Turquie est un territoire de transit pour deux des principaux gazoducs et ol\u00e9oducs vers l\u2019Europe (le BTC et le Corridor gazier sud), et son pr\u00e9sident, Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan, a accus\u00e9 Isra\u00ebl de crimes de guerre avec la complicit\u00e9 de l\u2019Occident lors de la manifestation <\/span><\/span><\/span>massive <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/span>\u00e0 Istanbul. En outre, le rapprochement isra\u00e9lien avec l’Arabie saoudite \u2013 qui visait \u00e0 isoler l’Iran \u2013 a \u00e9t\u00e9 compl\u00e8tement gel\u00e9, de plus le r\u00f4le de l’\u00c9gypte est essentiel pour les routes d’exportation de gaz vers l’Europe. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne poursuit sa qu\u00eate d\u2019ind\u00e9pendance \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique sans trop se soucier de ce que font ses partenaires strat\u00e9giques. Comme on pouvait s’y attendre, les enqu\u00eates sur le sabotage du Nord Stream et du gazoduc entre la Finlande et l’Estonie n’ont toujours pas abouti. Mais ce qui est vraiment important pour la diplomatie europ\u00e9enne et les puissances occidentales, c\u2019est garantir des approvisionnements bon march\u00e9 et s’assurer que le butin de guerre tombe entre les mains d’un partenaire stable et privil\u00e9gi\u00e9, sans se soucier de l’absence de cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9 morale ni du co\u00fbt en vies humaines.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Article original en espagnol publi\u00e9 le 3\/11\/2023 sur le site de CTXT<\/a> \/ Traduction Chris & Dine<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Alfons P\u00e9rez<\/strong> (@Alfons_ODG<\/a>)\u00a0est chercheur \u00e0 l’<\/span><\/span><\/span>Observatorio de la Deuda en la Globalizaci\u00f3n<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/strong> et Juan Bordera <\/strong>(@JuanBordera<\/a>) <\/span><\/span><\/span>est sc\u00e9nariste, journaliste et activiste pour Extinction Rebellion et Val\u00e8ncia en Transici\u00f3.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Alors qu’Isra\u00ebl massacre la population palestinienne, l’Europe et les \u00c9tats-Unis n\u00e9gocient avec le gouvernement de Netanyahou pour s’assurer le contr\u00f4le du gaz de Gaza. Alfons P\u00e9rez\/Juan Bordera, 3 novembre 2023. Lire la suite →<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":7338,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,2],"tags":[230],"class_list":["post-7336","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analyses","category-articles","tag-energie"],"yoast_head":"\nAPARTHEID \u00c9NERG\u00c9TIQUE - La diplomatie de l'\u00e9nergie au c\u0153ur d'un g\u00e9nocide - International Solidarity Movement - ISM-France<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ismfrance.org\/index.php\/2023\/11\/06\/apartheid-energetique-la-diplomatie-de-lenergie-au-coeur-dun-genocide\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"APARTHEID \u00c9NERG\u00c9TIQUE - La diplomatie de l'\u00e9nergie au c\u0153ur d'un g\u00e9nocide - International Solidarity Movement - ISM-France\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Alors qu’Isra\u00ebl massacre la population palestinienne, l’Europe et les \u00c9tats-Unis n\u00e9gocient avec le gouvernement de Netanyahou pour s’assurer le contr\u00f4le du gaz de Gaza. 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Alfons P\u00e9rez\/Juan Bordera, 3 novembre 2023. 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