{"id":10328,"date":"2024-03-26T16:23:22","date_gmt":"2024-03-26T15:23:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ismfrance.org\/?p=10328"},"modified":"2024-03-26T16:25:43","modified_gmt":"2024-03-26T15:25:43","slug":"pourquoi-les-archeologues-doivent-defendre-gaza","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ismfrance.org\/index.php\/2024\/03\/26\/pourquoi-les-archeologues-doivent-defendre-gaza\/","title":{"rendered":"Pourquoi les arch\u00e9ologues doivent d\u00e9fendre Gaza"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hilary Morgan Leathem, 25 mars 2024<\/strong>. Depuis le d\u00e9clenchement de la guerre \u00e0 Gaza, plus de\u00a0200 sites du patrimoine culturel<\/a>\u00a0ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9truits, ainsi que de nombreuses archives, universit\u00e9s et mus\u00e9es. Des articles ont rapport\u00e9<\/a> que l’arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne aurait pill\u00e9 des objets historiques et en aurait m\u00eame expos\u00e9 certains \u00e0 la Knesset.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Les mosqu\u00e9es, les \u00e9glises et les sites du patrimoine font partie des lieux endommag\u00e9s et d\u00e9truits \u00e0 Gaza [Mohammed Dahman\/AP Photo]<\/p><\/div>La destruction du patrimoine de Gaza a des cons\u00e9quences sociales, politiques et \u00e9motionnelles de grande envergure. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019une attaque concert\u00e9e contre l\u2019existence de la Palestine et de son peuple.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Au-del\u00e0 de produire une amn\u00e9sie culturelle autour de ce que signifie \u00eatre Palestinien, la destruction du patrimoine symbolise la n\u00e9gation de l\u2019histoire palestinienne et du droit \u00e0 la terre. L\u2019effacement isra\u00e9lien de la m\u00e9moire palestinienne est intentionnel. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019une strat\u00e9gie g\u00e9nocidaire, selon la d\u00e9finition donn\u00e9e par l\u2019avocat juif polonais Raphael Lemkin, qui a invent\u00e9 le terme \u00ab g\u00e9nocide \u00bb en 1944. Ces man\u0153uvres dont le but est de d\u00e9truire les liens physiques entre les Palestiniens et leur patrimoine visent \u00e0 effacer la pr\u00e9sence palestinienne et \u00e0 l\u00e9gitimer le colonialisme de peuplement isra\u00e9lien.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La destruction par Isra\u00ebl de sites arch\u00e9ologiques et le pillage d\u2019objets d\u2019art \u00e0 Gaza soul\u00e8vent \u00e9galement des questions sur la pr\u00e9tendue neutralit\u00e9 de l\u2019arch\u00e9ologie dans notre monde. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9 est que l\u2019arch\u00e9ologie peut \u00eatre profond\u00e9ment politique.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La capacit\u00e9 de formuler des affirmations sur le pr\u00e9sent en s\u2019appuyant sur des documents mat\u00e9riels du pass\u00e9 conf\u00e8re \u00e0 l\u2019arch\u00e9ologie un grand pouvoir. Litt\u00e9ralement, les arch\u00e9ologues fournissent les preuves physiques n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la r\u00e9daction de r\u00e9cits historiques. Les arch\u00e9ologues ont donc l\u2019obligation morale d\u2019informer le public de sa nature profond\u00e9ment politique.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dans ce contexte, le silence des associations arch\u00e9ologiques du monde entier sur ce qui se passe \u00e0 Gaza est assourdissant. En Europe, les sp\u00e9cialistes du patrimoine irlandais et bas\u00e9s en Irlande ont fait pression sur l\u2019Association europ\u00e9enne des arch\u00e9ologues (EAA) pour qu\u2019elle s\u2019exprime. D\u00e9but mars, l’EAA a finalement publi\u00e9 une d\u00e9claration<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mais le texte est malheureusement \u00e9vasif et timor\u00e9 face aux atrocit\u00e9s. Il qualifie les g\u00e9nocides de Gaza de \u00ab crise Isra\u00ebl\/Gaza<\/i> \u00bb et utilise un langage emprunt\u00e9 \u00e0 la Convention du patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO de 1972. En d’autres termes, il parle du patrimoine en termes de sa valeur socio-\u00e9conomique \u2013 son int\u00e9grit\u00e9 ou son authenticit\u00e9 \u2013 plut\u00f4t que de reconna\u00eetre les ramifications politiques de la destruction du patrimoine dans un contexte colonial de peuplement.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019incapacit\u00e9 de l\u2019EAA \u00e0 r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir \u00e0 la mani\u00e8re dont l\u2019arch\u00e9ologie, et par la suite, la construction du patrimoine, sont \u00e9troitement li\u00e9es au pouvoir et \u00e0 l\u2019histoire est dangereuse, car elle pr\u00e9sente \u00e0 tort la discipline comme \u00e9tant purement objective.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Certaines personnes sont peut-\u00eatre conscientes du r\u00f4le de l\u2019arch\u00e9ologie dans le colonialisme. Cependant, de moins en moins de gens savent comment cela a influenc\u00e9 la politique du XXe si\u00e8cle, en cr\u00e9ant des identit\u00e9s qui s’appuient sur des pass\u00e9s d\u00e9couverts, partag\u00e9s et des traditions invent\u00e9es, comme l’ont soutenu les historiens Eric Hobsbawm et Terence Ranger.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’arch\u00e9ologie tisse des liens entre la terre et ses habitants gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la possession du pass\u00e9. Utilis\u00e9e correctement, elle a le pouvoir d\u2019\u00e9clairer la fa\u00e7on dont les gens vivaient autrefois dans notre monde et leurs relations avec celui-ci. Utilis\u00e9e \u00e0 mauvais escient, elle devient une technologie d\u2019oppression, coopt\u00e9e par les r\u00e9gimes de pouvoir qui souhaitent exploiter une version ou une \u00ab vision \u00bb du pass\u00e9 pour en d\u00e9poss\u00e9der et en d\u00e9placer d\u2019autres.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ce n’est pas une co\u00efncidence si, comme l’a \u00e9crit l’anthropologue palestino-am\u00e9ricaine Nadia Abu El-Haj, Isra\u00ebl est connu pour utiliser l’arch\u00e9ologie de mani\u00e8re strat\u00e9gique\u00a0pour l\u00e9gitimer son statut de nation historique dans les Terres saintes abrahamiques plut\u00f4t que d’\u00c9tat-nation moderne cr\u00e9\u00e9 en 1948.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019arch\u00e9ologie peut \u00eatre un m\u00e9canisme pour maintenir le pouvoir et ce n\u2019est pas seulement le cas en Isra\u00ebl-Palestine.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Au Mexique, o\u00f9 je m\u00e8ne des recherches depuis 15 ans, l\u2019arch\u00e9ologie et l\u2019anthropologie \u00e9taient explicitement charg\u00e9es de forjando patria<\/i>, ou de forger la nation. Sous le r\u00e8gne de Porfirio Diaz, le deuxi\u00e8me pr\u00e9sident du Mexique, le gouvernement a eu du mal \u00e0 rassembler sa population de colons et ses citoyens autochtones, qui avaient souffert de l\u2019effacement linguistique et culturel lors de la colonisation espagnole.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La solution propos\u00e9e consistait \u00e0 construire une id\u00e9ologie nationaliste de m\u00e9tissage ou de \u00ab m\u00e9lange \u00bb, qui c\u00e9l\u00e9brait et revendiquait les ruines monumentales et les traditions artistiques des Mexicains autochtones comme patrimoine de l\u2019\u00c9tat mexicain et donc de tous les Mexicains. Si cela a permis de pr\u00e9server l\u2019h\u00e9ritage des communaut\u00e9s autochtones du Mexique, cela a \u00e9galement conduit \u00e0 la d\u00e9possession et au d\u00e9placement. Alors que l\u2019\u00c9tat mexicain revendiquait l\u2019h\u00e9ritage autochtone pour tous, il devenait impossible de remettre en question la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de la classe dirigeante d\u2019origine espagnole.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les arch\u00e9ologues\u00a0sont des \u00e9rudits et des experts du pass\u00e9 qui connaissent la mani\u00e8re dont les preuves arch\u00e9ologiques sont utilis\u00e9es non seulement pour fa\u00e7onner l’histoire, <\/span><\/span><\/span>mais aussi pour son contr\u00f4le et son <\/span><\/span><\/span>arsenalisation<\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span>C\u2019est pourquoi les arch\u00e9ologues doivent parler haut et fort de Gaza.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Une fois le patrimoine, les biblioth\u00e8ques et les universit\u00e9s de Gaza disparus, on peut dire qu\u2019ils n\u2019ont jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u00e0. Avec la \u00ab question des faits \u00bb effac\u00e9e \u00e0 la fois de la m\u00e9moire humaine et des archives arch\u00e9ologiques, il sera impossible de \u00ab prouver \u00bb scientifiquement la pr\u00e9sence palestinienne.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nous devons nous rappeler que l\u2019arch\u00e9ologie est indissociable de la politique et qu\u2019elle joue un r\u00f4le majeur dans la construction de l\u2019histoire, des nations et de l\u2019identit\u00e9 nationale. Nous devons \u00e9galement nous rappeler que l’effacement total du patrimoine pr\u00e9figure souvent la destruction de personnes, c’est pourquoi le g\u00e9nocide culturel est \u00e9galement class\u00e9 comme\u00a0crime de guerre<\/a>\u00a0au regard du droit international.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La r\u00e9sistance de l\u2019EAA et d\u2019autres organisations arch\u00e9ologiques professionnelles \u00e0 publier une d\u00e9claration m\u00eame limit\u00e9e reconnaissant les g\u00e9nocides \u00e0 Gaza \u2013 le nettoyage ethnique associ\u00e9 \u00e0 la destruction du patrimoine \u2013 \u00e9quivaut \u00e0 de la complicit\u00e9 et constitue un refus de reconna\u00eetre la responsabilit\u00e9 de l\u2019arch\u00e9ologie. J\u2019esp\u00e8re que la pression continue des arch\u00e9ologues en Europe et dans le monde les fera changer d\u2019avis.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En tant qu\u2019anthropologue du patrimoine, je suis hant\u00e9e par la question de savoir si l\u2019arch\u00e9ologie pourra un jour faire le bien. C\u2019est le moment o\u00f9 elle pourrait le faire, si seulement elle \u00e9tait pr\u00eate \u00e0 tenir compte de son propre pass\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Article original en anglais sur Aljazeera<\/a> \/ Traduction MR<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/pre>\n
\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n
Source de la carte : Aljazeera.com<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>A propos de l’autrice<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n
Hilary Morgan Leathem est \u00e9crivaine, anthropologue du patrimoine et associ\u00e9e de recherche \u00e0 l’Universit\u00e9 d’Exeter. Elle a r\u00e9cemment organis\u00e9 un rapatriement num\u00e9rique \u00e0 Oaxaca, au Mexique.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Hilary Morgan Leathem, 25 mars 2024. Depuis le d\u00e9clenchement de la guerre \u00e0 Gaza, plus de\u00a0200 sites du patrimoine culturel\u00a0ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9truits, ainsi que de nombreuses archives, universit\u00e9s et mus\u00e9es. Lire la suite →<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":10331,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,2],"tags":[259,45],"class_list":["post-10328","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analyses","category-articles","tag-archeologie","tag-nettoyage-ethnique"],"yoast_head":"\nPourquoi les arch\u00e9ologues doivent d\u00e9fendre Gaza - International Solidarity Movement - ISM-France<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ismfrance.org\/index.php\/2024\/03\/26\/pourquoi-les-archeologues-doivent-defendre-gaza\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pourquoi les arch\u00e9ologues doivent d\u00e9fendre Gaza - International Solidarity Movement - ISM-France\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Hilary Morgan Leathem, 25 mars 2024. 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